Track 15: Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease, is the most common type of heart disease and a leading cause of death globally. It occurs when the coronary arteries—the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle—become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. This condition can lead to serious complications such as chest pain (angina), heart attacks, and even heart failure.

CAD develops over time through a process called atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits (plaque) build up on the walls of the coronary arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. The major contributing factors include:

• High blood pressure

• High cholesterol levels

• Smoking

• Diabetes or insulin resistance

• Obesity

• Sedentary lifestyle

• Unhealthy diet

• Excessive alcohol consumption

• Chronic stress

In some cases, genetic predisposition also plays a role in increasing the risk of CAD.

CAD can develop silently over years without noticeable symptoms until a significant blockage occurs. Common symptoms include:

• Chest pain or discomfort (angina): Often triggered by physical activity or emotional stress.

• Shortness of breath

• Fatigue

• Heart palpitations

• Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen, or back

In some people, particularly women, the symptoms may be more subtle, such as nausea or back pain.

If left untreated, CAD can lead to:

• Heart attack: When blood flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked.

• Arrhythmia: Irregular heartbeat.

• Heart failure: The heart's inability to pump blood efficiently.

• Sudden cardiac death

CAD can be diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Echocardiogram

• Stress testing

• Cardiac catheterization and angiogram

• CT coronary angiogram

Early detection is crucial to managing the disease and preventing complications.

Preventing or managing CAD largely depends on adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle

• Quit smoking

• Exercise regularly (at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week

• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Manage stress effectively

• Limit alcohol intake

• Keep blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels in check

Depending on the severity, treatment may involve

• Lifestyle modifications

• Medications such as statins, beta-blockers, or aspirin

• Medical procedures, including angioplasty (with stent placement) or coronary artery bypass surgery

Working closely with healthcare providers helps in customizing a treatment plan that suits an individual’s condition and risk factors.

Coronary Artery Disease is a serious yet manageable condition. Through early detection, healthy lifestyle choices, and appropriate treatment, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of heart complications and lead full, active lives. Awareness and proactive care are the first steps toward a healthier heart.